2061: Odyssey Three

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Gurzadyan, Vahe G.; Vardanyan, Ruben (4 August 2004). "Halley's Comet of 87BC on the coins of Armenian king Tigranes?". Astronomy & Geophysics. 45 (4): 4.06. arXiv: physics/0405073. Bibcode: 2004A&G....45d...6G. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.45406.x. S2CID 119357985. The Irish Annals of the Four Masters recorded the comet as "A star [that] appeared on the seventh of the Calends of May, on Tuesday after Little Easter, than whose light the brilliance or light of The Moon was not greater; and it was visible to all in this manner till the end of four nights afterwards." [77] Chaco Native Americans in New Mexico may have recorded the 1066 apparition in their petroglyphs. [79] Paul Kreuger: van der Berg's uncle, Kreuger is entrusted with the secret of Europa's diamond deposit early on, and later opines in a letter to Nature on the implications of large quantities of diamond for construction, citing two real scientific papers.

Fernández, Yanga R. (28 July 2015). "List of Jupiter-Family and Halley-Family Comets". University of Central Florida: Physics . Retrieved 6 September 2015. The main character is described as a man 103 years old with the body of a 65 year old. Is he too old to be a "hero" in a science fiction novel in a modern society that has given great attention to youth in recent decades? This portion of the Bayeux Tapestry shows Halley's Comet during its appearance in 1066. (Image credit: Public domain) Nakano, Syuichi (2001). "OAA computing sectioncircular". Oriental Astronomical Association . Retrieved 15 May 2007. There is a group of comets called "Halley family comets" (HFC) because they appear to share the same orbital characteristics of Halley, including being highly inclined to the orbits of Earth and other planets in the solar system. However, this family has a range of inclinations, which prompts other astronomers to suggest they may have a different origin than Halley.

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Clarke had originally intended to write the third book after NASA's Galileo mission to Jupiter had returned its findings in the late 1980s. The probe had been initially scheduled for launch in 1984 but this was delayed, first to 1985 and then to 1986. It was delayed further in wake of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. [1] Deciding not to wait, Clarke took inspiration for his sequel from the return of Halley's Comet. Galileo was eventually launched by Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-34 mission in October 1989. [2] It arrived in Jovian orbit almost eight years after the publication of 2061: Odyssey Three. Astronomers in these times, however, saw each appearance of Halley's Comet as an isolated event. Comets were often foreseen as a sign of great disaster or change. Lages, José; Shepelyansky, Dima L.; Shevchenko, Ivan I. (2018). "Kepler map". Scholarpedia. 13 (2): 33238. Bibcode: 2018SchpJ..1333238L. doi: 10.4249/scholarpedia.33238.

Halley's most famous appearance occurred shortly before the 1066 invasion of England by William the Conqueror. It is said that William believed the comet heralded his success. In any case, the comet was put on the Bayeux Tapestry— which chronicles the invasion — in William's honor. Other notable cometary missions include NASA's Stardust (which captured samples of comet 81P/Wild and returned them to Earth), NASA's Deep Impact (which deliberately sent an impactor into 9P/Tempel on July 4, 2005), and the European Space Agency's Philae (which landed on Comet 67P in 2014.) Emerson, Edwin. Comet lore, Halley's comet in history and astronomy. New York, Printed by the Schilling press. p. 74 . Retrieved 1 October 2017. a b c d Broughton, P. (1985). "The First Predicted Return of Comet Halley". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 16 (2): 123–132. Bibcode: 1985JHA....16..123B. doi: 10.1177/002182868501600203. S2CID 118670662.a b c Delehanty, Marc. "Comets, awesome celestial objects". AstronomyToday. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2007. Margeret M'Bala: An author who popularized and explained the connections between ancient Greek and Roman mythology and now-common astronomical nomenclature, "Maggie M" is another of the celebrity passengers.

Some scholars have proposed that first-century Mesopotamian astronomers already had recognized Halley's Comet as periodic. [34] This theory notes a passage in the Babylonian Talmud, tractate Horayot [35] that refers to "a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err." [36] a b c Lynn, W. T. (1909). "Halley's Comet iChirikov, Boris V.; Vecheslavov, Vitold V. (1989). "Chaotic dynamics of comet Halley" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 221 (1): 146–154. Bibcode: 1989A&A...221..146C. edit ] Halley's Comet in 1986 1986 USSR miniature sheet, featuring Edmond Halley, Comet Halley, Vega 1, Vega 2, Giotto, Suisei (Planet-A) Daily motion across sky during the 1986 passage of Halley's Comet Animation of 1P/Halley orbit - 1986 apparition First seen at the Observatory of the Roman College in August. [143] Studied by John Herschel at the Cape of Good Hope. Tomayko, James E. (March 1988). "Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience". NASA History Office . Retrieved 7 November 2012.

a b c "Horizons Batch for 1P/Halley (90000030) on 2023-Dec-09" (Aphelion occurs when rdot flips from positive to negative). JPL Horizons. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022 . Retrieved 1 July 2022. (JPL#73 Soln.date: 2022-Jun-07) Universe rescues Galaxy 's crew; they are brought to Ganymede, where they watch as Mount Zeus, which has been steadily sinking, finally disappears beneath the Europan surface. Kreuger writes a follow-up article for Nature, stating that Mount Zeus was a mere fragment of Jupiter's diamond material, and that it is almost certain that many more such large pieces of diamond are currently in orbit around Lucifer. Krueger therefore proposes a scouting project to seek diamond in the Lucifer system, for eventual mining. This photo of Halley's comet was taken by the Russian Vega 2 spacecraft, one of two Soviet probes (Vega 1 was the other) to rendezvous with the comet during its 1986 trip through the solar system in March 1986. The closest approach of Vega 1 to Halley was 8890 km while Vega 2 had a close encounter at 8030 km. (Image credit: ESA)

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Although the comet's retrograde orbit and high inclination made it difficult to send a space probe to it, [124] the 1986 apparition gave scientists the opportunity to study the comet closely and several probes were launched to do so. The Soviet Vega 1 probe began returning images of Halley on 4 March 1986, captured the first-ever image of its nucleus, [18] and made its flyby on 6 March. It was followed by the Vega 2 probe, making its flyby on 9 March. On 14 March, the Giotto space probe, launched by the European Space Agency, made the closest pass of the comet's nucleus. [18] There also were two Japanese probes, Suisei and Sakigake. Unofficially, the numerous probes became known as the Halley Armada. [125] They go on to describe the comet's tail as being more broad and not as long as the comet of 1843 they had also witnessed. [95] Comet Halley is commonly pronounced / ˈ h æ l i/, rhyming with valley, or / ˈ h eɪ l i/, rhyming with daily. [19] [20] Colin Ronan, one of Edmond Halley's biographers, preferred / ˈ h ɔː l i/, rhyming with crawly. [21] Spellings of Halley's name during his lifetime included Hailey, Haley, Hayley, Halley, Hawley, and Hawly, so its contemporary pronunciation is uncertain, but the version rhyming with valley seems to be preferred by current bearers of the surname. [22] Computation of orbit [ edit ] The orbital path of Halley, against the orbits of the planets ( animation) Under the hard Brexit scenario, we translated the 2010 Conservative Party pledge to reduce net international migration to “fewer than tens of thousands” into assumptions about immigration and emigration flows. Under this scenario, population growth would be slower, reaching 78.1m in 2061. The Leonov Crew: It is established very early on that all of the Leonov crew of 2010 have since died, with the lone exceptions of Floyd and Zenia Marchenko, the latter not otherwise figuring in the present story. In particular, it is revealed that Dr. Chandra died in hibernation during the Leonov's return trip, which is attributed to his sadness at losing HAL.